Paediatric glaucoma is a rare but serious eye condition that can affect babies, toddlers, and children. It occurs when increased pressure inside the eye damages the optic nerve, which is responsible for sending visual information to the brain. In children, glaucoma can be present at birth (congenital glaucoma) or develop later during childhood.
Without early diagnosis and treatment, paediatric glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss. With timely care, many children are able to preserve useful vision and continue to develop normally.
Paediatric glaucoma differs from adult glaucoma in several key ways. Children’s eyes are still growing, so the condition can affect not only vision but also the shape and size of the eye. In contrast, adult glaucoma usually develops in fully grown eyes and primarily affects the optic nerve without changing the eye’s structure.
Young children may also be unable to describe visual problems, making the condition harder to detect compared with adults, who can report symptoms like blurred vision or eye pain. Because of this, careful examination by a specialist is essential.
Symptoms can vary depending on the child’s age and the type of glaucoma. Common signs parents may notice include:
In older children, symptoms may be more subtle and can include reduced peripheral vision, although this is often difficult for children to recognise or explain.
You should seek an eye assessment promptly if you notice any unusual eye appearance or behaviour, especially in infants and young children. Do not wait for vision complaints, as glaucoma, particularly certain types, may cause little to no symptoms until later stages.
Children with a family history of glaucoma or underlying eye conditions should also be monitored more closely with regular eye examinations.
Diagnosing glaucoma in children involves a careful and thorough evaluation, tailored to your child’s age and ability to cooperate. Tests may include:
Measures pressure inside the eye to assess glaucoma risk.
Photographs are taken to document the appearance of the optic nerve and monitor for changes over time.
In older children, this test helps map peripheral vision and detect areas of vision loss.
Measures corneal thickness, which helps interpret eye pressure readings more accurately.
Treatment is highly individualised, depending on the type of glaucoma, the child’s age, and the extent of optic nerve damage. While existing vision loss cannot be reversed, treatment aims to lower eye pressure and preserve remaining vision.
Eye drops may be prescribed to reduce eye pressure. These are often used as part of long-term management.
Laser procedures may be recommended in selected cases, including:
Surgery is commonly required in paediatric glaucoma and may include:
Your child’s doctor will explain the options carefully and recommend the most appropriate approach.
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Yes. Paediatric glaucoma requires ongoing monitoring, often into adulthood. Regular follow-up visits allow the doctor to adjust treatment, monitor eye pressure, and detect any changes early. With consistent care, many children are able to maintain stable vision over time.
Is paediatric glaucoma curable?
Glaucoma cannot be cured, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, progression can often be controlled.
Will my child go blind?
Not necessarily. Early treatment significantly improves the chances of preserving useful vision.
Is glaucoma painful for children?
Some types can cause discomfort, tearing, or light sensitivity, but others may be painless and harder to detect.
Can glaucoma affect both eyes?
Yes, paediatric glaucoma can affect one or both eyes, depending on the cause.
Medical Director, Consultant Ophthalmologist
Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist
Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist
Disclaimer:
The information on the The Children’s Eye & ENT Centre website is intended for educational use. It should not be considered or used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment from a qualified health professional.